Henry Shrapnel
Henry Shrapnel (June 3, 1761 - March 13, 1842) was a British Army officer and inventor, most famously, of the "shrapnel shell".
Henry Shrapnel was born in Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, England. In 1784, while a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, he perfected, at his own expense, an invention of what he called "spherical case" ammunition: a hollow cannon ball filled with shot which burst in mid-air.This device was for use as an anti-personnel weapon. When it was finally adopted by the British Army in 1803, it immediately acquired the inventor's name: the shrapnel shell. (It has lent the term "shrapnel" to fragmentation from artillery shells ever since, long after it was replaced by high explosive rounds.)
Shrapnel served in Flanders where he was wounded in 1793 and was promoted to major on November 1, 1803 after eight years as a captain. After his invention's success in battle on April 30, 1804, Shrapnel was promoted to lieutenant colonel on July 20, 1804, less than nine weeks later.
In recognition of Shrapnel's contribution, the British Government in 1814 awarded him £1200 (about $128,000 USD in today's money) [1] a year for life. He was appointed to the office of Colonel-Commandant, Royal Artillery, on March 6, 1827. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general on January 10, 1837.
Until the end of World War I the shells were still being manufactured according to his original principles.
The Star-Spangled Banner refers to Shrapnel shells (attached to rockets produced by William Congreve):
- And the rockets red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
- Gave proof through the night, that our flag was still there.
