Editing Charlton Heston

[[File:Charlton Heston Civil Rights March 1963.jpg|thumb|Heston at the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington]]'''[[Charlton Heston]]''' ([[October 4]], [[1923]] &ndash; [[April 5]], [[2008]]), civil rights activist, NRA honorary life member<ref name="nation">Johnson, Jeff. [http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewNation.asp?Page=%5CNation%5Carchive%5C200304%5CNAT20030425f.html Heston to Step down as NRA President] ''The Nation'' April 25, 2003</ref> and actor, appeared in some 100 films in his 60-year acting career but is remembered chiefly for his jut-jawed portrayals of Moses, Ben-Hur and Michelangelo.

While well known for his support for gun rights in his later life, few realize that his political activist history went back much further &mdash; in the 1950s and 1960s he was one of only a handful of Hollywood actors to speak openly against racism and was an active supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. Initially a moderate Democrat, he later supported conservative Republican policies and  also served on the Advisory Board of Accuracy in Media, a conservative media watchdog group founded by Reed Irvine.

==Personal life==
Heston was born '''John Charles Carter''', the only child of Lilla (née Charlton; 1899–1994) and Russell Whitford Carter (1897–1966), a mill operator. Most sources state that he was born in Evanston, Illinois.<ref>[http://www.biography.com/articles/Charlton-Heston-9337556 Charlton Heston Biography], biography.com</ref> Heston's autobiography,<ref name="Arena">Heston, Charlton: ''In The Arena'', Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-684-80394-1.</ref> however, and some other sources place his birth in No Man's Land, Illinois, which usually refers to a then-unincorporated area now part of Wilmette, Illinois, a well-off northern suburb of Chicago. The confusion stems from Heston being born in an Evanston hospital at a time when the family lived in the Wilmette area. Heston said in a 1995 interview that he was not very good at remembering addresses or his early childhood.<ref>Schultz, Rick (1995) [http://charltonhestonworld.homestead.com/ChuckInterviews.html "Appreciation: Charlton Heston’s Interview, Articles, & Tribute"]</ref>

Heston was of English and Scottish descent and a member of the Fraser clan.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/entertainment-news/2008/04/07/hollywood-legend-charlton-heston-was-proud-of-scots-roots-86908-20375323/ Hollywood legend Charlton Heston was proud of Scots roots], Daily Record (Scotland), 2008-04-07</ref> 

In his autobiography, Heston refers to his father participating in his family's construction business.<ref name="Arena"/> When Heston was an infant his father's work moved the family to St. Helen, Michigan. It was a rural, heavily forested part of the state, and Heston lived an isolated yet idyllic existence spending much time hunting and fishing in the backwoods of the area.  Heston frequently recounted that, while growing up there, he often wandered in the forest, "acting" out the characters from books he had read.<ref>http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=319357</ref>

When Heston was 10 years old, his parents divorced. Shortly thereafter, his mother married Chester Heston. The new family moved back to Wilmette. Heston (his new surname) attended New Trier High School, where he enrolled in the drama program, playing in the silent 16 mm amateur film adaptation of ''Peer Gynt'', from the Ibsen play, by future film activist David Bradley released in 1941.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000032/bio] IMDB Film Biography.</ref>

Throughout Heston's life he was known by friends as "Chuck" although his wife always called him "Charlie." His stage name Charlton Heston is drawn from his mother's maiden surname (Charlton) and his stepfather's surname (Heston), and was used for his first film, ''Peer Gynt''.  Later, he earned a drama scholarship to Northwestern University.

In 1944, Heston enlisted in the US Army Air Forces. He served for two years as a radio operator and aerial gunner aboard a B-25 Mitchell with the Eleventh Air Force. He reached the rank of Staff Sergeant. Heston married Northwestern University student Lydia Marie Clarke in the same year he joined the military.  They would remain together until his death in 2008.

==Career==
===Theater and television===
After the war, Heston and Clarke lived in Hell's Kitchen, New York City, where they worked as artists' models. After he and Lydia had managed a playhouse in Asheville, North Carolina in 1947 for $100 a week, they went back to New York in 1948 where Heston was offered a supporting role in a Broadway revival of Shakespeare's ''Antony and Cleopatra''.  He also had success in television, playing a number of roles in CBS's ''Studio One'', one of the most popular shows of the 50s. 

Film producer Hal B. Wallis of ''Casablanca'' spotted him in a 1950 television production of ''Wuthering Heights'' and offered him a contract. When his wife reminded Heston they had decided to pursue theater and television, he replied, "Well, maybe just for one film to see what it's like."

===Hollywood===
[[File:Heston,1960.jpg|thumb|250px|Heston poses for his wife Lydia at their hilltop Beverly Hills home, just after winning an Oscar for his role in ''Ben-Hur'', 1960.]]His real breakthrough came when Cecil B. DeMille cast him as a circus manager in ''The Greatest Show on Earth'', named the Motion Picture Academy's the best picture of 1952. After that, Heston's Hollywood career spanned over 100 movies, ranging from film noir to sci-fi. He narrowly escaped type-casting after his 1956 and '59 appearances in ''The Ten Commandments'' (which he got because DeMille thought he looked uncannily like Michelangelo's statue of Moses) and ''Ben-Hur'', made him identified with Biblical epics more than any other actor.  

The full range of his talent was eventually shown in such varying films as ''Touch of Evil'' (1958), ''El Cid'' ('61), ''Will Penny'' and ''Planet of the Apes'' (both in '68), ''Julius Caesar'' ('70), and the cult classics ''The Omega Man'' ('71) and ''Soylent Green'' ('73).  His only real flop was a big one &mdash; in 1972, he made his directorial debut and starred as Mark Antony in an adaptation of the play he had performed in his theater days, ''Antony and Cleopatra''. The end product was apparently so gawd-awful bad, and the reviews so brutal, it never saw theaters and only rarely pops up on TV. It hasn't been (and likely won't be) put out on DVD.

In 1965, he became president of the Screen Actors Guild until 1971, the second longest tenure to date.<ref name="SAG Pres">[http://www.sag.org/node/1080 SAG Presidents], Screen Actors Guild.</ref>

Starting with playing Cardinal Richelieu in 1973's ''The Three Musketeers'', Heston was seen in more and more supporting roles, cameos and theater. From 1985-87, he starred in his only prime-time stint on series television in ''The Colbys''. With his son Fraser, he produced and also starred in several TV movies, including a remake of ''Treasure Island''. In '92, he appeared in a short series of videos on A&E reading passages from the King James Bible, called ''Charlton Heston Presents the Bible''. Filmed in the Middle East, it received excellent reviews and was a hit on video and DVD. 

Never taking himself too seriously, he did a cameo in ''Wayne's World 2'' (the scene where Wayne Campbell asks for a small role to be filled by a better actor). After the scene is reshot with Heston, Campbell weeps in awe. That same year, he hosted ''Saturday Night Live'', had cameos in the films ''Hamlet,'' ''Tombstone'' and ''True Lies'', and starred in many theatre productions at the LA Music Center. In 2001, he did a cameo as an old, dying chimp in the remake of ''Planet of the Apes''. His last film role was as the infamous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele in ''My Father, Rua Alguem 5555'', which had limited release (mainly to festivals) in 2003.

He played the title role in ''Mister Roberts'' three times and it was one of his favorite parts. In the early '90s, he tried to revive and direct the show with [[Tom Selleck]] in the title role.<ref>Heston, Charlton: ''In The Arena'', Simon & Schuster, 1995, p. 479. ISBN 0-684-80394-1.</ref>

===Activism===
[[File:Heston Baldwin Brando Civil Rights March 1963.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charlton Heston (left) with James Baldwin, Marlon Brando, and Harry Belafonte at the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 1963. Sidney Poitier is in the background.]]Almost everyone knows &mdash; in part thanks to Michael Moore's ambush interview/hatchet job &mdash; that Heston was the president of the [[NRA]] from 1998 to 2003.  What not everyone knows is that Heston had a long history of fighting for people's rights, starting long before such things ever became fashionable among the now-preachy Hollywood crowd.

A Democrat in his younger days, Heston campaigned for Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson in 1956 and John F. Kennedy in 1960. When he got wind of the news that an Oklahoma movie theater premiering his movie ''El Cid'' was segregated, he joined a picket line outside in 1961<ref>Taylor, Quintard (1998) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9Nj1lVZQAcYC&pg=PA285&dq=Oklahoma+1961+%22Charlton+Heston%22&ei=W9P4R5zpG5zkyAT4idmDDw&sig=b7pJR3wb17hAeynu-EITSR82gRM In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West]'' W. W. Norton & Company p. 285. ISBN 9780393318890</ref>, much to the discombobulation of Allied Artists, the producers of the film. He also went to Oklahoma City to picket segregated restaurants, to the even further chagrin of Allied Artists.<ref>Heston, Charlton: ''In The Arena'', Simon & Schuster, 1995, p. 261. ISBN 0-684-80394-1.</ref> During the ''March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom'' held in Washington, D.C. in 1963, he accompanied Martin Luther King Jr. In later speeches, Heston pointed out that he helped the civil rights cause "long before Hollywood found it fashionable."<ref>Goodrich, Terry Lee (February 13, 2000). "Heston decries political correctness at fund-raiser". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 5.</ref>

After the [[magic bullet|assassination of President Kennedy]] in 1963, Heston and several other actors issued a statement calling for support of President Johnson's [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].<ref>David Plotz; Slate. [http://www.slate.com/id/1869/ NRA President Charlton Heston.]</ref><ref>Slate. [http://www.slate.com/id/2143134/entry/0/ Charlton Heston, Gun-Controller!]</ref>  He would later regret the action, saying he wished he "could blame that on the idealistic foolishness of youth. Unfortunately, that avenue is closed to men when they reach the age of 40."

He opposed the [[Vietnam War]] and in 1969 was approached by the Democratic Party to run for the U.S. Senate. He agonized over the decision, but ultimately could never give up acting.<ref>Heston, Charlton: ''In The Arena'', Simon & Schuster, 1995, p. 433. ISBN 0-684-80394-1.</ref>

By the 1980s, Heston opposed affirmative action, supported [[gun rights]] and changed his political affiliation from Democratic to Republican. When asked why he changed political alliances, Heston replied "I didn't change. The Democratic party changed." <ref>Raymond, Emilie (2006). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=1tujw3ajlDMC&pg=PA6&dq=%22affirmative+action%22+%22Charlton+Heston%22&ei=Mc_4R6O6G4PUzATl8vlE&sig=zD6MazBdl6ad_61k0trPe1UFt0M From My Cold, Dead Hands Charlton Heston and American Politics]'' University Press of Kentucky. p. 6. ISBN 9780813124087.</ref> He campaigned for Republicans and Republican Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.

Maintaining the distaste for racism he had ever since his days in the civil rights movement, he resigned from Actors Equity, noting that the union's refusal to allow a white actor to play a Eurasian role in ''Miss Saigon'' was "obscenely racist".

At a Time Warner stockholders meeting, Heston castigated the company for releasing an Ice-T album which included the song "Cop Killer", which depicted the killing of police officers.

While filming ''The Savage'', Heston was initiated by blood into the Miniconjou Lakota Nation, but claimed no natural American Indian heritage (his great-great-granny was <u>not</u> a Cherokee princess). He claimed to be "native American" to reclaim the term from exclusion to American Indians.<ref name="Arena"/>

In a 1997 ''Fighting the Culture War in America'' speech, Heston rhetorically deplored a culture war he said was being conducted by a generation of media, educators, entertainers, and politicians against: 

<Blockquote>
"...the God fearing, law-abiding, Caucasian, middle-class Protestant - or even worse, evangelical Christian, Midwestern or Southern - or even worse, rural, apparently straight - or even worse, admitted heterosexuals, gun-owning - or even worse, NRA-card-carrying, average working stiff - or even worse, male working stiff - because, not only don’t you count, you are a down-right obstacle to social progress. Your voice deserves a lower decibel level, your opinion is less enlightened, your media access is insignificant, and frankly, mister, you need to wake up, wise up, and learn a little something from your new-America and until you do, would you mind shutting up?"<ref>http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fighting_the_Culture_War_in_America</ref></Blockquote> 

In an address to students at Harvard Law School entitled ''Winning the Cultural War'', Heston said, "If Americans believed in political correctness, we'd still be King George's boys - subjects bound to the British crown."<ref>Heston, Charlton. [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/charltonhestonculturalwar.htm ''Winning the Cultural War''.] February 16, 1999.</ref> 

Heston later stated, "Political correctness is tyranny with manners."

In a speech to the National Press Club in 1997: "Now, I doubt any of you would prefer a rolled up newspaper as a weapon against a dictator or a criminal intruder." <ref>GOLD, Dudley Susan. ''Open For Debate: Gun Control''. Benchmark Books. January 2004.</ref>

[[File:Colddead-fp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Heston at a rally for the [[National Rifle Association]], which he led from 1998 to 2003]]Heston was the president and spokesman of the [[National Rifle Association|NRA]] from 1998, when he succeeded [[Marion P. Hammer]] until he resigned in 2003 and [[Kayne Robinson]] took up the job. At the 2000 NRA convention, he raised a rifle over his head and declared that a potential Al Gore administration would take away his [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] rights "[[from my cold, dead hands]]".<ref>Variety, June 13, 2000: "Gore fires back after Heston tirade".</ref> In announcing his resignation in 2003, he again raised a rifle over his head, repeating the five famous words of his 2000 speech.<ref name="nation"/>  [[Gun grabber]] propagandist Michael Moore would later use the footage in his ''Bowling for Columbine'' hatchet job, presenting it in such a juxtaposition as to give the audience the impression that Heston and the NRA were making some deliberately callous response towards the families of the victims.

In the 2002 film ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]'', [[Michael Moore]] interviewed Heston in his home, peppering him with questions about the NRA, school shootings, and an April 1999 NRA meeting held shortly after the [[Columbine high school massacre]], in Denver, Colorado (the footage described above was used as if it were from that meeting when, in fact, it was not). Moore criticized Heston for the perceived thoughtlessness in the timing and location of the meeting. Heston, realizing he had been ambushed, excused himself and walked out. Moore was later criticized, even in the broader mainstream media, for his underhanded behavior.

Actor George Clooney tastelessly joked about Heston's failing health at a 2003 award ceremony, saying that Heston "announced again today that he is suffering from Alzheimer's." When questioned, Clooney said Heston deserved whatever was said about him for his involvement with the NRA.<ref>[http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=30590 What's up with George Clooney?] WorldNetDaily.com. January 20, 2003.</ref> Heston responded by saying Clooney lacked class and that he felt sorry for him, as Clooney had as much of a chance of developing Alzheimer's as anyone else.<ref>[http://www.thebostonchannel.com/entertainment/1931445/detail.html Heston Slams Clooney For Alzheimer's Joke.] TheBostonChannel.com. January 23, 2003."</ref>

==Later life and death==
Heston had a hip replaced in 1996 and was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1998, which went into remission after radiation treatment. In 2000, he publicly disclosed that he had been treated for alcoholism at a Utah clinic that year<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Movies/07/31/heston.rehab.reut/index.html Charlton Heston 'feeling good' after alcohol rehab].</ref> and, on [[August 9]], 2002, Heston publicly announced he was diagnosed with symptoms consistent with Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/08/09/heston.illness/ Charlton Heston has Alzheimer's symptoms.] CNN News. August 9, 2002.</ref> In [[July 2003]], he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House from President George W. Bush. 

In March 2005, various newspapers reported that family and friends were shocked by the progression of his illness, and that he was sometimes unable to get out of bed. In August 2005, it was reported that Heston was hospitalized at a Los Angeles hospital with pneumonia, but this was never confirmed by his family or spokesman. In April 2006, various news sources reported that Heston's illness was at an advanced stage and that his family was worried he might not survive the year. In March 2008, just a few weeks before his death, it was reported that he was now in the final stages of Alzheimer's.

Heston died on Saturday, April 5, 2008, at his home in Beverly Hills, California, with Lydia, his wife of 64 years, by his side. He was also survived by his son, Fraser Clarke Heston, and adopted daughter, Holly Ann Heston. The cause of death was not disclosed by the family<ref name="fox">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,346965,00.html Charlton Heston Dies at Beverly Hills Home.] FoxNews.com. April 5, 2008.</ref>, who instead released a statement, reading, "Charlton Heston was seen by the world as larger than life. He was known for his chiselled jaw, broad shoulders and resonating voice, and, of course, for the roles he played. No one could ask for a fuller life than his. No man could have given more to his family, to his profession and to his country." Early tributes came in from leading figures; President George W. Bush called Heston "a man of character and integrity, with a big heart", adding, "He served his country during World War II, marched in the civil rights movement, led a labor union and vigorously defended Americans’ Second Amendment rights [to bear arms]." Former First Lady Nancy Reagan said that she was "heartbroken" over Heston's death and released a statement, reading, "I will never forget Chuck as a hero on the big screen in the roles he played, but more importantly I considered him a hero in life for the many times that he stepped up to support Ronnie in whatever he was doing."

Heston's funeral was held a week later on April 12, 2008, in a ceremony which was attended by 250 people including Nancy Reagan and numerous Hollywood stars.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/12/america/NA-GEN-US-Heston-Funeral.php Politicians, actors and relatives gather for funeral of Hollywood icon Charlton Heston], International Herald Tribune, retrieved April 12, 2008.</ref> The funeral was held at [http://www.stmatthews.com/ Episcopal Parish of St. Matthew's Church] in Pacific Palisades, California, the church where Heston regularly worshiped and attended Sunday services since the early 1980s. He was cremated and his ashes given to his family.

==Bibliography==
Heston's books include:
* ''The Actor's Life'' (ISBN 0-671-83016-3)
* ''In the Arena: An Autobiography'' (ISBN 1-57297-267-X)
* ''The Courage to be Free'' (ISBN 978-0-9703688-0-5)
* ''Beijing Diary'' (ISBN 0-671-68706-9)
* ''To Be a Man: Letters to My Grandson'' (ISBN 0-7432-1311-4)
* ''Charlton Heston Presents the Bible'' (ISBN 1-57719-270-2)
* ''Charlton Heston's Hollywood: 50 Years in American Film'' with Jean-Pierre Isbouts (ISBN 1-57719-357-1)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Charlton_Heston/197312 Hollywood.com entry]
*[http://www.reelclassics.com/Actors/Heston/heston.htm Reel Classics]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2496037.stm BBC News Obituary]
*[http://www.lastingtribute.co.uk/tribute/heston/2769726 Obituary and public tribute]
*[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0407/p25s01-almo.html 'From Our Files: An Interview with Charlton Heston' by Phil Elderkin, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', November 4, 1959]
*[http://www.revue-acme.com/downloads/files/48428/ Charlton Heston, The Actor - French PDF (14 Mo)]

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