Thompson-LaGarde Tests

The Thompson-LaGarde Tests were a series of tests conducted in 1904 to determine which caliber should be used in new military handguns. The US Army's fighting men had considerable difficulty stopping the Moro warriors and other combatants with the .38 Long Colt, and the Army began to consider the problem.

The task was assigned to Colonel John T. Thompson of the Infantry, and Major Louis Anatole LaGarde of the Medical Corps. The tests were conducted at the Nelson Morris Company Union Stock Yards in Chicago, Illinois, using both live cattle outside a local slaughterhouse, as well as some human cadavers. Several different calibers were used during the tests: .476 Eley (UK), 7.65x22mm Parabellum (.30 Luger), 9x19mm Parabellum, .38 Long Colt, .38 ACP, .45 Colt and the .455 Webley (UK).

The first day of testing involved eight live cattle; seven were shot through the lungs using different caliber rounds, and the effects recorded. The remaining animal was shot through the intestines with the .476 Eley. If the animal took too long to die, it was put down by a hammer blow to the head. Results were highly variable due to differences in shot placement, round types, animal size, and the number of times the animal was shot.

For the second day, the test procedures were changed so that each animal would be rapidly shot in the lungs until the animal had died or 10 rounds had been fired. For this test, five animals were used. Again, results were highly variable; weapon jamming also contributed to the variability this time.

The cadaver tests were conducted by suspending the body, and measured the sway caused when the body was shot from different distances. The measurement was completely subjective and for comparison purpose only.

After the tests, Thompson and LaGarde stated, "the Board was of the opinion that a bullet, which will have the shock effect and stopping effect at short ranges necessary for a military pistol or revolver, should have a caliber not less than .45." This may have been viewed by them as a reasonable recommendation in the face of inconclusive evidence, an idea furthered by their recommendation that "...soldiers armed with pistols or revolvers should be drilled unremittingly in the accuracy of fire" if there was "no hope of stopping an adversary by shock or other immediate results."

References

• Velleux, David (1998). "Background Information on the United States Pistol Caliber .45 M1911". The Sight M1911.