Editing AR-10

{{rifle
|name= AR-10
|image= Ar-10.jpg
|caption= The AR-10.
|origin= [[USA]]
|type= [[battle rifle]]
<!-- Specifications -->
|length= 1,050 mm (41.3 in)
|barrel= 528 mm (20.8 in)
|weight= 3.29–4.05 kg (7.25–8.9 lb)
|cartridge= [[7.62x51mm NATO]]
|caliber=
|action= [[Gas-operated reloading|Gas-operated]], [[rotating bolt]]
|ROF= 700 rounds/min
|muzzle_velocity= 820 m/s (2,690 ft/s)
|range= 630 m
|max_range= 
|feed= 20-round detachable box [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]]
|sights=Adjustable aperture rear sight, fixed post front sight
<!-- Service history -->
|service= 1960–1976 (Portugal)<br/>1958–1985 (Sudan)
|used_by=See ''[[#Users|Users]]
|wars= Angola, Mozambique, Sudan, Dominican Republic, Portuguese Timor
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[Eugene Stoner]]
|design_date=
|manufacturer=Fairchild ArmaLite, Artillerie Inrichtingen (AI)
|unit_cost=
|production_date=1956–1960
|number= Approx. 10,000
|variants= 
|notes= 
}}
The '''AR-10''' is an [[United States|American]] [[7.62x51mm NATO|7.62 mm]] [[battle rifle]] developed by [[Eugene Stoner]] in the late 1950s at [[ArmaLite]], then a division of the Fairchild Aircraft Corporation. The rifle had some innovative features at the time of its introduction (1956); it was over 1 lb (0.45 kg) lighter than most other infantry rifles, it was significantly easier to control in automatic fire, was more accurate in semi-auto mode, and arguably handled better than any other weapon of the period. The unique features of the AR-10 would eventually be developed into the U.S. Army's '''[[M16 rifle|M16]]'''. Over its production life, the original AR-10 was built in relatively small numbers, with fewer than 10,000 rifles assembled.

==Development and Usage==
===Fairchild ArmaLite=== 
ArmaLite first opened as a subdivision of Fairchild in 1954, specifically to bring new materials and designs to the firearms industry. Later that year they were joined by [[Eugene Stoner]], a talented small arms engineer. ArmaLite was a very small organization at the time (only nine employees, including Stoner). With Stoner as chief design engineer, ArmaLite quickly released a number of interesting rifle designs. The first prototypes of the 7.62 mm AR-10 emerged during 1955 and early 1956.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', Regnum Fund Press (1998), ISBN 9986494389, p. 30</ref> At the time the United States Army was in the midst of testing several rifles to replace the obsolescent [[M1 Garand rifle|M1 Garand]]. [[Springfield Armory]]'s T44E4 and heavier T44E5 were essentially updated versions of the Garand chambered for the new 7.62 mm round, while [[Fabrique Nationale]] submitted their [[FN FAL|FAL]] as the T48. ArmaLite's AR-10 entered the competition late, hurriedly submitting two AR-10 rifles in the fall of 1956 to the United States Army's Springfield Armory for testing. Initial comments by Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight automatic rifle ever tested by the Armory.<ref>Lewis, Jack, ''The M-14: Boon or Blunder?'', Gun World, April 1963</ref><ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 39</ref>  

Unfortunately for ArmaLite, the rifle's aluminum/steel composite barrel (an untried prototype design specified for the tests by George Sullivan over Stoner's vehement objections) burst in a torture test conducted by Springfield Armory in early 1957.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 38: The experimental composite barrels used aluminum swaged around thin rifled liners of 416 stainless steel.</ref> ArmaLite quickly replaced it with a conventional steel barrel, but the damage had been done. The final Springfield Armory report advised against adoption of the rifle, stating that "it would take five years or more to take it through tests to adoption".<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 39</ref> While ArmaLite objected, it was clear that the AR-10, a brand-new rifle still in the prototype stage, was at a disadvantage compared to competing designs with longer development cycles, and by 1957, U.S. Army infantry forces urgently required a modern, magazine-fed infantry rifle to replace the old M-1.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 39,40</ref> In the end the Army chose the conventional T44, which entered production as the [[M14 rifle]] in 1957.

===Artillerie Inrichtingen License===
In 1957, Fairchild/ArmaLite sold a manufacturing license for the AR-10 to a Dutch arms manufacturer Artillerie Inrichtingen (AI). Firearms historians have separated AR-10 production under the AI license into at least four basic identifiable versions, along with various sporting, [[carbine]] and other experimental designs and calibers. The four main variants have been termed the "Hollywood" model (ArmaLite prototypes and initial production), the "Sudanese" model, the "Transitional", and the "Portuguese" model AR-10. AI built the vast majority of these rifles, beginning with the Sudanese model AR-10. The Sudanese version was equipped with a lightweight, fluted steel barrel and weighed only 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) empty. Over time, AI would engineer additional improvements to the AR-10, including the provision of a heavier barrel with a chrome-lined chamber, a different cocking mechanism, and a simplified gas regulator.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 78,80</ref>    

AR-10 production was limited, though Guatemala, Burma, [[Italy]], Cuba, Sudan and Portugal all purchased AR-10 rifles for limited issue to their military forces. Sudanese AR-10s were employed in frequent clashes with guerrilla forces and conflicts with neighboring countries, and a few captured rifles eventually turned up in unofficial service with various African armies, guerrilla forces, and even a few members of the French Foreign Legion in Chad.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 81</ref> The AR-10 remained in service with Sudanese Special Forces until 1985. In 1958, a special [[7.62x39mm]] caliber variant of the Sudanese AR-10 was produced in very small numbers for evaluation by Finland and [[Germany]]. The Italian Navy acquired the AR-10 for its COMSUBIN underwater commando teams. Germany, [[Austria]], the Netherlands, Finland, and [[South Africa]] also purchased small numbers of the AR-10 for test purposes, and Cuba's Batista government purchased 100 "Transitional" model rifles in 1958. Fidel Castro's forces eventually captured the AR-10 shipment intact. In 1959, Fidel, his brother Raul, and Che Guevara test-fired the AR-10 outside Havana, and were reportedly impressed by the weapon's firepower.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 72,73</ref>  In June 1959 Castro gave the AR-10s to a group of communist revolutionaries from the Dominican Republic who returned there the following month in a seaborne and airborne 'invasion'.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 72,73</ref><ref>Brogan, Patrick, ''Deadly Business: Sam Cummings, Interarms, and the Arms Trade'', New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (1983), ISBN-10 0393017664, pp. 89-92</ref>  Betrayed by local residents, the rebel forces (led by Cuban officers), were surprised at the water's edge; those dropping via parachute were hunted down in the following days by the Dominican Republican army.  Captured AR-10 rifles from the Batista shipment were found on the bodies of guerrillas killed in firefights with government forces.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 72,73</ref><ref>Brogan, Patrick, ''Deadly Business: Sam Cummings, Interarms, and the Arms Trade'', New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (1983), ISBN-10 0393017664, pp. 89-92</ref><ref>Time Magazine, ''Blood on the Beach'', New York:Time Publications, 6 July 1959: The Cuban guerrilla invasion consisted of 150 men arriving via Chris-Craft boats, with 63 more dropped by parachute via C-46 Commando.  All of the seaborne forces were killed on the beach; all but five of the parachuting rebels were also killed.</ref> 
    
The final AI design is known as the "Portuguese" model AR-10. This model incorporated all that had been learned to date about the AR-10, including infantry service rifle and field test reports. Most of these rifles were sold to the Portuguese National Defense Ministry by the Brussels-based arms dealer SIDEM International in 1960. The AR-10 was adopted by Portuguese Hunter paratroop (''Caçadores Pára-quedista'') battalions, and the rifle saw considerable combat service in Portugal's counter-insurgency campaigns in Angola and Mozambique.<ref>Afonso, Aniceto and Gomes, Carlos de Matos, ''Guerra Colonial'' (2000), ISBN 972-46-1192-2, pp. 183-184</ref> In U.S. Army tests at Aberdeen Proving Ground in November 1960, and later in Portuguese service, the AR-10 gained a reputation for accuracy<ref>United States Army Ordnance Department, Aberdeen Proving Ground, ''A Test of Rifle, Caliber 7.62mm, AR-10, Report No. DPS-101'' (November 1960): At Aberdeen, the AR-10 test rifles used in the accuracy test averaged 10-shot groups of 2.0 inches at 100 yards.</ref> (some rifles would group into 25 mm (1 inch) at 100 meters with service ammunition); the paratroopers also found them reliable despite rugged service conditions in African jungle and savannah.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 70-71,79-80</ref>  

Some Portuguese-model AR-10s were fitted with AI-modified upper receivers in order to mount 3x or 3.6x telescopic sights.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 79</ref> These rifles were used by marksmen accompanying small patrols to eliminate individual enemy at extended ranges in open country.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 80</ref> Other AR-10s were used by the paratroopers in a secondary role to launch [[rifle grenade]]s. The AR-10's built-in gas cutoff design enabled it to fire Energa rifle grenades without adjustment of the gas system, and the self-loading action would even eject the spent blank shells and load the next one, allowing several grenades to be quickly fired. The added recoil took its toll on rifle stocks, and some Portuguese rifles were retrofitted with all-metal buttstocks to better withstand the added recoil and strain caused by firing the heavy grenades.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 80</ref> Plans to order additional quantities of the AR-10 rifle were stymied after Holland embargoed further shipments of the rifle to Portugal; paratroopers deploying to Africa in later years were subsequently issued a collapsible stock version of the German [[Heckler & Koch G3]] rifle.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 79</ref><ref>Afonso, Aniceto and Gomes, Carlos de Matos, ''Guerra Colonial'' (2000), ISBN 972-46-1192-2, pp. 183-184</ref> Nevertheless, the AR-10 continued in service with a few Portuguese airborne units, and was in use as late as 1975 in the Portuguese Timor (East Timor) emergency.<ref>Afonso, Aniceto and Gomes, Carlos de Matos, ''Guerra Colonial'' (2000), ISBN 972-46-1192-2</ref> 

By 1960, hampered by Dutch export restrictions and discouraged by the lack of arms sales to major national purchasers, Artillerie Inrichtingen decided to exit the small arms production business altogether, and ceased all production of the AR-10 under its license from Fairchild-Armalite. By that time, less than 10,000 AR-10s had been produced, mostly military select-fire rifles, with a few semi-automatic only rifles produced for civilian use. 

In later years, some ex-military Sudanese and Portuguese model AR-10s were sold to civilian markets in the U.S., [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]. Nearly all of the rifles imported to the latter three countries had their full-automatic fire selector disabled. As many as 2,500 Australian AR-10 rifles may have been seized and destroyed as a result of anti-gun legislation in 1997.  

Most of the AR-10 ex-military rifles shipped to the USA were in the form of parts kits, having been previously dismantled, though a few were legally imported as Class III weapons. Large numbers of AR-10 7.62 mm magazines were imported as well. Many of these kit rifles were combined with various semi-auto receivers made by civilian manufacturers in order to permit legal ownership

===AR-10a=== 
In 1958, ArmaLite developed the [[5.56x45mm NATO|5.56 mm]] [[AR-15]] from the AR-10. The company continued its efforts to sell both the AR-10 and AR-15 to various military forces around the world. However, the AR-10 rifle marketed by ArmaLite after 1958 was not the product-improved AR-10 developed by Artillerie Inrichtingen, but rather a design scaled-up from AR-15 plans and specifications, the AR-10A.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', p. 89</ref>  None of the improvements incorporated by Artillerie Inrichtingen (AI) over three years of production were used in the new AR-10a.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', pp. 89-90</ref>  Although the AR-10a did not benefit from the modifications undertaken by AI, it had some differences from the AR-15 (besides caliber and part dimensions), including a different bolt, trigger, and cocking handle design, along with a magazine canted forward at a five-degree angle.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', pp. 89-90</ref>  While interest in the AR-15 was considerable, the AR-10a failed to attract any orders from domestic or foreign military customers.  In 1959, Armalite sold its rights to the AR-10/AR-15 to Colt, who successfully marketed the AR-15 to the U.S. military. Disappointed with ArmaLite's marketing efforts, Fairchild dissolved its association with ArmaLite in 1962.

===The AR-16===
:''Main article: [[AR-18]]''
With the rights to the AR-15 design sold and AR-10 production at AI discontinued, Armalite next developed a series of new rifle designs in 7.62 mm and 5.56 mm. The 7.62 mm NATO rifle was designated the AR-16.  The AR-16 and the other newly-designed ArmaLites utilized a more traditional gas piston design along with stamped and welded steel construction in place of aluminum forgings.  The 7.62 mm AR-16 (not to be confused with the [[M16 rifle|M16]]) was produced only in prototype quantities.  By the 1970s, ArmaLite had essentially stopped all new rifle development, and the company became moribund.

===Westrom and Armalite Inc.===
In 1995, former Army Ordnance officer Mark Westrom, owner of Eagle Arms, purchased the ArmaLite brand and the company became Armalite Inc. Shortly thereafter, Armalite introduced a modern version of the AR-10. The new Armalite AR-10 was patterned after the AR-15A2, scaled up to take the 7.62x51mm NATO (.308 Win) cartridge, along with various other design improvements intended to strengthen the rifle. Ironically, the original AR-15 itself was a scaled-down AR-10. The new AR-10 is offered in several versions including a carbine with collapsible stock, a target model, and one version chambered in [[.300 Remington SA Ultra Mag|300 Remington SAUM]].

The AR-10B prototype was composed of individual sub-components tested on a special lower receiver made of two slabs of aluminum fitted to a [[Knights Armament Company]] [[SR-25]] upper receiver assembly. The full prototype AR-10B was the first rifle off the production line.<ref>[http://www.armalite.com/images/Library%5CAL%20HISTORY%20COPY%202.pdf ''Armalite History'']</ref>

While Armalite holds a US trademark on the name "AR-10"<ref>Registration Number 76144253 http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=gpndmg.3.1</ref>, other rifle manufactures currently produce .308 semi-auto rifles that are based on the AR-15/AR-10 design: the [[Panther Arms|DPMS LR-308]], KAC [[SR-25]], [[Rock River Arms]] LAR-8, [[American Spirit Arms]] ASA .308, Fulton Armory Titan, RND Manufacturing's "The Edge" and the German Oberland Arms OA-10.

==Design details==
The AR-10 is a lightweight, air-cooled, magazine-fed, [[Selective fire|select-fire]] [[Gas-operated reloading|gas-operated]] rifle that uses the [[direct impingement]] gas principle with a [[Rotating bolt|rotary bolt]] locking mechanism. The rifle has a conventional layout; it features an in-line stock, an aluminum alloy receiver and a reinforced fiberglass pistol grip, handguard, and buttstock. While mostly an original design, the AR-10 built upon previously proven concepts. From the FAL it took the hinged receiver system allowing the rifle to be opened for cleaning much like a break-action shotgun. The ejection port cover is similar to that found on the German WWII-era [[StG44]]. The bolt locking mechanism is similar to the [[M1941 Johnson rifle]] (itself an adaptation of the [[John Browning|Browning]]-designed [[Remington Arms|Remington Model 8]] bolt). From the German [[FG42]] and [[M1941 Johnson machine gun|Johnson light machine gun]] came the idea of straight-line stocks to reduce muzzle climb in fully-automatic fire. The AR-10's method of rotary bolt locking, straight-line recoil, and gas operation enhanced its inherent accuracy.

The gas system, bolt carrier, and bolt-locking design were novel for the time. Most gas-operated rifles divert combustion gases from a port in the barrel to a piston and cylinder arrangement adjacent to the port. In Stoner's design, the gas travels from a port near the middle of the barrel through a steel tube back into the receiver. The gas enters a chamber formed between the rear of the bolt and the inside of the bolt carrier. Once the bolt carrier moves to the rear a small distance, excess gas is vented through holes in its side. This use of the bolt and bolt carrier for the separate actions of a piston and gas cylinder simplified construction and saved weight. Movement of the bolt carrier was in-line with the bore, greatly improving inherent accuracy, as well as keeping the rifle on target as the gun fired. Since the straight-line stock placed the shooter's eye well above the barrel the rifle's sights were mounted high, with the rear sight contained in a carrying handle that also protected the cocking/charging lever.  

The receiver is made from forged and machined aluminum to reduce weight. The bolt locks into an extension on the barrel instead of the receiver allowing for a lightweight receiver while not compromising the strength of the bolt locking mechanism. On a few prototype guns, an all-aluminum ("Sullaloy") barrel was fitted at the insistence of George Sullivan – ArmaLite's president – though after the 1957 Springfield Armory tests, all production AR-10s were fitted with standard steel barrels.<ref>Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'' (1998), p. 35: Sullivan's secret 'Sullaloy' was nothing more than 7075 aluminum; after test firings stripped out the rifling, the Sullaloy project was shelved.</ref>  The stock is made from a plastic-reinforced fiberglass with a core of rigid plastic foam. The handguards and pistol grip are also fiberglass. Fairchild was an aircraft manufacturer, and the use of plastics, titanium, and aluminum were common in the aircraft industry at the time, though not generally used in firearms.

A belt-fed variant of the AR-10 was also offered; the belt was fed by a feed-chute connected to an ammo box carried on the user's back.

==Users==
*Burma
*Cuba
*Dominican Republic
*Guatemala
*Italy
*Portugal
*Sudan

==Resources==
The following documents are available for free download from the Gun Owners' Resource online library for the AR-10 and variants:
*'''[http://www.gunownersresource.com/manuals/armalite/armalite_ar10_m15.pdf Operator's Manual]''' for AR-10B & M15 series rifles (24 pgs, 540 KB .PDF file)
{{missing diagrams}}

==References==
<references/>
*Pikula, Sam (Major), ''The ArmaLite AR-10'', Regnum Fund Press (1998), ISBN 9986494389 
*Afonso, Aniceto and Gomes, Carlos de Matos, ''Guerra Colonial'', 2000, ISBN 972-46-1192-2.

==See also==
*[[Sturmgewehr 57]]

==External links==
*[http://www.ar10.nl/ Dutch site with lots of info and pictures]
*[http://www.armalite.com/ Armalite home page]
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~harmar68/schieten/ar10/AR10%20frame%20pag.htm AR10 site: exploded views, pictures and movies]
*[http://www.sturmgewehr.com/bhinton/Armalite_AR10/ Buddy Hinton collection of AR10 photos]
**[http://www.sturmgewehr.com/bhinton/Armalite_AR10/AR10_FiringMine3cases.jpg Firing the AR10]
*[http://www.rediscov.com/spring/VFPCGI.exe?IDCFile=/spring/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=669,DATABASE=59121219, Springfield Armory Collection: details about the AR10]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/AR10_Promotion AR10 promotional video]
*[http://greenberet.no.sapo.pt/ar10.htm AR-10 Portuguese Armed Forces] (in Portuguese)
<br />
{{AR-15 variants}}
[[Category:American 7.62mm battle rifles]]
[[Category:Armalite 7.62mm battle rifles]]