Editing M1 Garand rifle

{{rifle
|name= Rifle, Caliber .30, M1
|image= Garand.jpg
|caption= 
|origin= [[United States]]
|type= [[Semi-automatic rifle]] / [[Service rifle]]
<!-- Specifications -->
|length= 43.6 in (1,107.4 mm)
|barrel= 24 in (609.6 mm)
|weight= 9.5 lb (4.31 kg) to 13.2 lb (6.0 kg)
|cartridge= [[.30-06 Springfield]]
[[7.62x51mm NATO]] (U.S. Navy and some commercial variants)
|caliber=.30 / 7.62mm
|action= [[Gas-operated]], [[rotating bolt]]
|ROF= 
|muzzle_velocity= 2,800 ft/s (853 m/s)
|range= 500 yd (457 m)
|max_range= 
|feed= 8-round "en bloc" clip internal magazine
|sights=Aperture rear sight, barleycorn-type front sight
<!-- Service history -->
|service= 1936–1963
|used_by=''See [[#Users]]''
|wars= 	World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War (limited)
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[John C. Garand]]
|design_date=1932
|manufacturer=[[Springfield Armory]], [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company]], [[H & R Firearms|Harrington & Richardson Co.]], International Harvester, [[Beretta]]
|unit_cost=USD$800-$1500 for current products
|production_date=1932-present
|number= Approx. 5.4 million
|variants= M1C, M1D
|notes= 
}}
The '''M1 Garand''' (formally the '''United States Rifle, Caliber .30, M1''') was the first [[semi-automatic rifle]] to be generally issued to the infantry in any nation. In [[1936]], it officially replaced the bolt-action [[M1903 Springfield rifle|Springfield M1903 rifle]] as the standard [[service rifle]] of the United States military (the M1903 retaining a valuable role as a [[sniper rifle]]), and was subsequently replaced by the select-fire [[M14 rifle|M14]] in [[1957]]. However, the M1 continued to be used in large numbers until 1963, and to a lesser degree until 1966.

The M1 was used heavily in World War II, the Korean War, and, to a limited extent, in the Vietnam War. Most M1 rifles were issued to [[United States|American]] troops, though many were also lent to other nations. It is still used by various drill teams and is a popular civilian [[firearm]]. The name "Garand" is pronounced variously as [ˈgʌrand] or [ˈgærənd]. According to experts on the weapon, the latter version is preferred.<ref>Hatcher, Julian. (1983). ''Book of the Garand''. Gun Room Pr. ISBN 0-88227-014-1. Retrieved March 28, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.nps.gov/spar/historyculture/john-garand.htm John Cantius Garand and the M1 Rifle] at Springfield Armory National Historic Site</ref>

== History ==
Though the U.S. Army became interested in [[self-loading]] rifles with the Bang and Murphy-Manning of 1911, and there were trials in 1916-8,<ref>Walter, John. ''Rifles of the World''. (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2006), p.142, "Garand".</ref> the M1's origin properly dates to 1919, when armies around the world were realizing standard rifle [[cartridge]]s were more powerful than necessary for typical engagement ranges, leading to heavier weapons than really required. The Army trials in the 1920s had a .256in minimum [[caliber]] requirement, compared to the [[.30-06]] then standard.<ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare''. (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p.1088, "Garand".</ref>

Firearms designer [[John Garand|John C. Garand]], working at the Army's [[Springfield Armory]], began with a .30 caliber [[Blowback|primer-operated]] [[breech]]. Twenty-four rifles, identified as "M1922", were built at Springfield in summer [[1924]], and at Fort Benning during the summer of 1925 they were tested against the [[John T. Thompson|Thompson]] autoloading rifle, [[Berthier]], Hatcher-Bang, and "highly promising [[blowback|delayed blowback]] [[Pedersen rifle]]". This led to a further trial of the improved "M1924" Garand against the Thompson, ultimately producing an inconclusive report. Therefore, the Ordnance Board ordered a Garand variant .30-06, while in [[March 1927]] the Cavalry Board reported trials between the Thompson, Garand, and '03 Springfield had not led to a clear winner, leading to a gas-operated .276 model.<ref>Walter, ''loc. cit.'' Garand would patent this [[12 April]] [[1930]].</ref>

During the spring of [[1928]], both Infantry and Cavalry Boards ran trials with the [[.276 Pedersen T1]] rifle, giving it high praise (despite its use of waxed ammunition<ref>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 19, p.2092, "Pedersen", describes it as "lubricated".</ref>). On [[13 August]] 1928, a Semiautomatic Rifle Board carried out joint Army, Navy, and Marine Corps trials between the .30 Thompson, both cavalry and infantry versions of the T1 Pedersen, "M1924" Garand, and .256 Bang, and on 21 September came back with no clear winner. The .30 Garand, however, was dropped in favor of the .276.

Further tests by the SRB in [[July 1929]], which included [[Brauning]], [[Colt-Browning]], Garand, [[Holek]], [[Pedersen]], [[Rheinmetall]], [[Thompson]], and an incomplete [[White rifle|White]],<ref> Further tests in 1930 found Bostonian Joseph White's rifles insufficiently robust. Walter, ''loc. cit.''</ref> led to a recommendation that work on the (dropped) .30 gas-operated Garand be resumed, and a T1E1 was ordered [[14 November]] 1929.

Twenty gas-operated .276 T3E2s Garands were made and competed with T1 Pedersen rifles in Spring [[1931]]. The .276 Garand was the clear winner of these trials. The .30 caliber Garand was tested at these trials in the form of a single T1E1 prototype but was withdrawn with a cracked bolt on [[9 October]] 1931. A [[4 January]] [[1932]] meeting recommended adoption of the .276 caliber and production of approximately 125 T3E2s. Meanwhile, Garand redesigned his bolt and his improved T1E2 rifle was retested. The day after the successful conclusion of this test, Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur personally disapproved any caliber change, in part because there were extensive stocks of .30 ammunition. On [[25 February]] 1932, Adjutant General John B. Shuman, speaking for the Secretary of War, ordered work on the weapons and ammunition in .276 caliber cease immediately and completely and all resources be directed toward identification and correction of deficiencies in the Garand .30 caliber. The Garand worked in .30 caliber and MacArthur wanted it.

On [[3 August]] [[1933]], the T1E2 became the ''Semi-Automatic Rifle, Caliber 30, M1''. In [[May 1934]], 75 M1s went to field trials; 50 were to infantry, 25 to cavalry units. Numerous problems were reported, forcing the rifle to be modified, yet again, before it could be recommended for service and cleared for procurement on [[7 November]] [[1935]], then standardized [[9 January]] [[1936]]. The first production model was successfully proof-fired, function-fired, and fired for accuracy on [[July 21]] [[1937]].<ref>Olive-Drab.com. (1998&ndash;2005). [http://www.olive-drab.com/od_other_firearms_rifle_m1garand.php3 Military Firearms: M1 Garand Rifle].</ref>

Production difficulties delayed deliveries until [[September 1937]]. Springfield reached an output of 100 per day early in [[September 1939]]. Despite its production status, design issues were not at an end. The barrel and gas cylinder assembly were redesigned and entered production in early 1940. The problem proved so thorny, even the [[M1941 Johnson rifle|Johnson]] had to be deferred so Springfield could concentrate on the problematic Garand. Production ramped up in 1940, reaching 600 a day by [[10 January]] [[1941]], and the Army was fully equipped by 1941.

Following the outbreak of World War II in Europe, [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company|Winchester]] was awarded an "educational" production contract for 65000 rifles, with deliveries beginning in 1943. The British Army tested the M1 Garand as a possible replacement for its [[bolt-action]] [[Lee-Enfield|Lee-Enfield No.1 Mk III]], but rejected it after trials to simulate combat conditions.<ref>[http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/White.htm The White Rifles] by Anthony G. Williams from Minutes 1244 of the Small Arms Committee, 26th October 1932</ref> <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884292-3,00.html Report on the Garand] Time Magazine</ref>

[[Image:En-JohnGarandLarge.jpeg|thumb|left|[[John Garand]] presents his rifle to Army officials.]]
The M1's semiautomatic operation gave United States forces a significant advantage in firepower and shot-to-shot response time over individual enemy infantrymen in battle ([[Germany|German]] and [[Japan]]ese soldiers were usually armed with bolt-action rifles). The impact of faster-firing infantry small arms in general soon stimulated both Allied and Axis forces to greatly augment issue of semi- and [[Automatic firearm|fully-automatic]] weapons then in production, as well as to develop new types of infantry firearms.

The Garand remains popular among civilian weapons collectors and enthusiasts all over the world. General George S. Patton called it "the greatest implement of battle ever devised."

Much of the M1 inventory in the post-WWII period underwent arsenal repair or rebuilding. While U.S. forces were still engaged in the Korean War, the Department of Defense determined a need for additional production of the Garand, and two new contracts were awarded. During 1953-56, M1s were produced by International Harvester and [[H & R Firearms|Harrington & Richardson]]. A final, very small lot of M1s was produced by Springfield Armory in early [[1957]], using finished components already on hand. [[Beretta]] also produced Garands using Winchester tooling. Most recently, the M1 was (and still is) produced by [[Springfield Armory, Inc.]] of Geneseo, Illinois. This civilian variant is offered in either .30-06 Springfield or [[7.62 × 51 mm NATO|.308 Winchester]] [[Chamber|chambering]].

The M1 proved an excellent rifle throughout its service in World War II and the Korean War. The [[Japan]]ese even developed a copy for their own use near the end of World War II, but it never reached production. [[Military surplus|Surplus]] M1 rifles also armed many nations of the free world in World War II and postwar, including Germany, Italy and Japan. Some Garands were still being used in the Vietnam War in 1963; despite the [[M14 rifle|M14]]'s official adoption in 1957, it was not until [[1965]] the changeover from the M1 Garand was completed in the active-duty component of the Army (with the exception of the [[Sniper rifle|sniper]] variants, which were introduced in WWII and saw action in Korea and Vietnam). In other components of the armed forces, such as the Army Reserve, Army National Guard and the Navy, Garands continued to serve into the 1970s or longer. For example, photos of Ohio Army National Guard troops at the Kent State shootings in May 1970 clearly show Garands.

Some military drill teams still use the M1, including the U.S. Marine Corps Silent Drill Team, the Norwegian Royal Guards Drill Team, and almost all Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) as well as some Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC) teams of all branches.  Modern Drill Team M1s are permanently disabled by having a metal rod welded into the barrel. Exhibition teams often use fiberglass stocks In place of wooden ones, the latter being heavier and more prone to breakage when dropped.

==Design and mechanics==
[[Image:garandparts.jpg|thumb|left|375px|The M1 Garand with important parts labeled.]]

The M1 rifle is a [[gas-operated]], [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]], clip-fed rifle.<ref name="Popenker">Popenker, Max. (1999-2004). [http://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl05-e.htm Modern Firearms: Rifle M1 Garand]. Retrieved November 15, 2005.</ref> By modern standards, the M1's feeding system is archaic, relying on [[Clip (ammunition)|clip]]s to feed ammunition, and is the principal source of criticism of the Garand rifle. Officials in Army Ordnance circles demanded a fixed, non-protruding magazine for the new service rifle. At the time, it was believed that a detachable magazine on a general-issue service rifle would be easily lost by U.S. soldiers (a criticism made of British soldiers and the Lee-Enfield 50 years previously), would render the weapon too susceptible to clogging from dirt and debris (a belief that proved unfounded with the adoption of the [[M1 carbine|M1 Carbine]]), and that a protruding magazine would complicate existing manual-of-arms drills. As a result, inventor [[John Pedersen]] developed an "en bloc" clip system that allowed ammunition to be inserted from above, clip included, into the fixed magazine. While this design provided the requisite flush-mount magazine, the clip system increased the rifle's weight, and prevented it from being fired without a clip, such as while reloading.

Garand's rifle was originally chambered for the [[.276 Pedersen]] cartridge, charged by means of 10-round clips. Later, it was chambered for the then-standard .30-06 Springfield. With this new cartridge, the Garand had a maximum effective range of 500 yards (457 m), with the capability of inflicting a casualty with [[Armor-piercing shot and shell|armor-piercing ammunition]] well beyond 880 yards (approx. 800 m). Because of the larger diameter of the .30-06 cartridge, the modified magazine held only eight rounds.

[[Image:Garandpatents.gif|thumb|left|175px|Two of Garand's patents, showing the original gas trap design and revised gas port system.]]

Garand's original design for the M1 used a complicated gas system involving a special muzzle extension gas trap, later dropped in favor of a simpler drilled gas port. Because most of the older rifles were retrofitted, pre-1939 ''gas-trap'' M1 Garands are very rare today and are prized collector's items.<ref name="Popenker" /> In both systems, expanding gases from a fired cartridge are diverted into the gas cylinder. Here, the gases met a long-stroke piston attached to the operating rod. The operating rod was therefore pushed rearward by the force of this high-pressure gas. Then, the operating rod engaged a [[rotating bolt]] inside the [[receiver]]. The bolt was attached to the receiver via two locking lugs, which rotated, unlocked, and initiated the firing cycle when the rifle was discharged. The operating rod (and subsequently the bolt) then returned to its original position.

===Features===
[[Image:Garand clip.jpg|thumb|right|175px|An M1 Garand ''en bloc'' clip loaded with eight [[.30-06 Springfield|.30 caliber]] rounds.]]

The weight of the M1 varies between 9.5 lb (4.31 kg) and 10.2 lb (4.63 kg) unloaded (depending on sling type and stock wood density), a considerable increase over the previous M1903 Springfield. The length was 43.6 inches (1,107 mm). The rifle is fed by an [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc clip|"en bloc" clip]] which holds eight rounds of [[.30-06 Springfield]] ammunition. When the last [[cartridge]] is fired, the rifle ejects the clip and locks the bolt open. Clips can also be manually ejected at any time. The "en-bloc" clip is manually ejected by pulling the operating rod all the way to the rear, and then depressing the clip catch button. Much criticized in modern times, the en-bloc clip was an innovation for its time.  The concept of a disposable box magazine had not been embraced and en-bloc clips were cheap and reliable. It was even harder and slower to reload the M1903 rifle. Modern arguments ignore that the only contemporary rifles with the ability to easily top-off a magazine were the [[Johnson M1941]] and the obsolete [[Krag-Jørgensen]]. <ref name="George">George, John (Lt. Col.). (1948). ''Shots Fired In Anger''. The Samworth Press. ISBN 0-93599-842-X</ref>

The rifle's ability to rapidly fire powerful .30-06 rifle ammunition also proved to be of considerable advantage in combat.  In China, Japanese banzai charges had previously met with frequent success against poorly-trained Chinese soldiers armed with bolt-action rifles. However, armed with the Garand, U.S. Infantrymen were able to sustain a much higher rate of fire than their Chinese counterparts. In the short-range jungle fighting, where opposing forces sometimes met each other in column formation on a narrow path, the penetration of the powerful .30-06 M2 cartridge enabled a single U.S. infantryman to kill up to three Japanese soldiers with a single round. <ref name="George" />   

Ejection of an empty clip created a distinctive metallic "pinging" sound. In World War II, reports arose German and Japanese infantry were making use of this noise in combat to alert them to an empty M1 rifle in order to 'get the drop' on their American counterparts. The information was taken seriously enough that U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground began experiments with clips made of various plastics in order to soften the sound, though no improved clips were ever adopted.<ref name="Dunlap">Dunlap, Roy F. (1948). ''Ordnance Went Up Front''. The Samworth Press. ISBN 1-88484-909-1</ref> During the Korean War, American soldiers supposedly used the sound to their advantage, noting the enemy would reveal themselves when they heard the clip eject, and would carry and throw empty clips as a decoying tactic. However, these reports are largely unsubstantiated, and, in reality, clip ejection noise in the larger cacophony of infantry small arms combat likely had little effect in most engagements.

The Garand was one of the first self-loading rifles to use stainless steel for its gas cylinder, in an effort to prevent corrosion. As the stainless metal could not be [[Parkerizing|parkerized]], these gas cylinders were given a stove-blackening that frequently wore off in use. Unless the cylinder could be quickly repainted, the resultant gleaming muzzle could make the Garand and its user more visible to the enemy in combat. <ref name="George" />

The M1 Garand was designed for simple assembly and disassembly to facilitate field maintenance. It can be field stripped (broken down) using only a rifle round.<ref>[http://www.civilianmarksmanship.com/fieldstrip.html Field Stripping the M1 Garand] article at the Civilian Marksmanship Program website</ref>

==Operation==
{{youtube|hvMFwk4PL1I}}[[Image:M1clip.jpg|thumb|right|Inserting an M1 "en bloc" clip.]]

The Garand is loaded with a full clip of 8 cartridges. Once all eight rounds are expended, the bolt will be automatically locked back and the clip ejected (with a distinct metallic ping), readying the rifle for the insertion of a fresh clip of ammunition. Compared to contemporary detachable box magazines, the M1's "en bloc" clip is light, simple, and only has to be oriented with the rounds pointing forward prior to charging the rifle (the clips have no top or bottom).

Once the clip is inserted, the bolt snaps forward on its own as soon as pressure is released from the clip, chambering a round and leaving it ready to fire.<ref>Springfield Armory. (2001). [http://www.springfield-armory.com/Manuals/M1GarandManual.pdf Springfield Armory M1 Garand Operating Manual (PDF, 2001)].</ref><ref name="Department">Department of the Army. (1965). [http://www.biggerhammer.net/manuals/garand/m1.htm FM 23-5].</ref> It is advisable for the operator to ride the bolt forward with his hand (in order to prevent the bolt from closing on his thumb, resulting in the very common "Garand thumb" or "M1 thumb"), and to strike the operating rod handle with his palm to ensure the bolt is closed.<ref name="Mangrum">Mangrum, Jamie. (2004). [http://www.surplusrifle.com/garand/operations.asp Surplus Rifle.com: M1 Garand Operations Page].</ref><ref name="Department" /> 

The M1's safety is located at the front of the trigger guard. It is engaged when it is pressed rearward into the trigger guard, and disengaged when it is pushed forward and is protruding outside of the trigger guard.<ref name="Mangrum" />

Contrary to widespread misconception, partially expended or full clips can be ejected from the rifle by means of the clip latch button.<ref name="Mangrum" /> It is also possible to load single cartridges into a partially loaded clip while the clip is still in the magazine, but this requires both hands and a bit of practice. In reality, this procedure was rarely performed in combat, as the danger of loading dirt along with the cartridges increased the chances of malfunction, not to mention the added delay in returning fire.<ref name="Department" /><ref name="George" /><ref name="Dunlap" /> Later, special clips holding two or five rounds became available on the civilian market, as well as a single-loading device which stays in the rifle when the bolt locks back. It is also possible to modify the clip latch, disabling the clip ejection function, and thereby allowing the weapon to be charged like a traditional top-loading rifle.

In battle, the manual of arms called for the rifle to be fired until empty, and then recharged quickly. Due to the well-developed logistical system of the U.S. military at the time, this wastage of ammunition was generally not critical, though this could change in the case of units that came under intense fire or were flanked or surrounded by enemy forces.<ref name="George" />

The Garand's en-bloc clip system proved particularly cumbersome when using the rifle to launch grenades, requiring removal of an often partially loaded clip of ball ammunition and replacement with a full clip of blank cartridges.

==Accessories==
Both official and aftermarket accessories were plentiful for the Garand rifle. Several different styles of [[bayonet]]s fit the rifle: the [[M1905 bayonet|M1905]] and [[M1942 bayonet|M1942]], both with 16-inch (406 mm) blades; the Model 1905E1 with shortened 10-inch (254 mm) blade; the [[M1 bayonet|M1]] with 10-inch (254 mm) blade; and the [[M5 bayonet]] with 6.75-inch (152 mm) blade.

Also available was a [[grenade launcher]] that fit onto the barrel using the M7 spigot. It was sighted using the M15 sight, which fit just forward of the trigger. A cleaning tool, oiler and greasepots could be stored in two cylindrical compartments in the buttstock for use in the field.  Because of the limitations of the Garand's clip-loading magazine, the rifle proved less than ideal for use in launching grenades, and the M1903 Springfield was retained for use in that role long after grenade launchers for the Garand became available.

The M1907 two-piece leather rifle sling was used with the weapon through WWII. From about 1944 onward, a green cotton webbing sling was provided, eventually replacing the earlier model.

Another accessory was the ''winter trigger'', said to have been developed during the Korean War. It consisted in a small mechanism installed on the trigger guard, allowing the soldier to remotely pull the trigger by depressing a lever just behind the guard. This  enabled the shooter to fire his weapon while using winter gloves, which could get "stuck" on the trigger guard or not allow for proper movement of the finger.

==Variants==
[[Image:M1C.jpg|thumb|350px|Rifle, Cal. 30, M1C with M84 telescope and rear sight protector.]][[Image:M1D.jpg|thumb|350px|Rifle, Cal. 30, M1D with M84 telescope and T-37 [[flash suppressor]].]]

Most variants of the Garand, save the [[sniper]] variants, never saw active duty. The sniper versions were modified to accept scope mounts, and two versions (the '''M1C''', formerly M1E7, and the '''M1D''', formerly M1E8) were produced, but not in significant quantities during World War II.<ref>Ewing, Mel. [http://www.snipercentral.com/m1cd.htm Sniper Central: US Army M1C & M1D].</ref> The only difference between the two versions is the mounting system for the [[telescopic sight]]. In [[June 1944]], the M1C was adopted as a standard [[sniper rifle]] by the U.S. Army to supplement the venerable [[M1903 Springfield rifle#Variants|M1903A4]].<ref name="Culver">Culver, Dick and Neudeck, Paul. [http://www.jouster.com/articles30m1/Variations.html The M1C, MC-1, and M1D Variations of the Garand Rifle].</ref>

The procedure required to install the M1C-type mounts through drilling/tapping the hardened receiver was inefficient in terms of tooling and time. This resulted in the development of the M1D, which utilized a simpler, single-ring Springfield Armory mount.<ref name="Culver" /> The M1C and M1D first began to be widely used during the Korean War. The U.S. Marine Corps adopted the M1C as their official sniper rifle in 1951. The U.S. Navy has also used the Garand, rechambered for the [[7.62x51mm NATO]] round.

Two interesting variants that never saw service were the M1E5 and T26 (popularly known as the "Tanker Garand"). The M1E5 is equipped with a folding [[Stock|buttstock]], while the T26 uses the standard solid stock, and has a shorter, 18-inch [[Gun barrel|barrel]]. The "tanker" name was also used after the war as a marketing gimmick for commercially-modified Garands. Another variant that never saw duty was the T20E2. This variant is, at its simplest, a Garand modified to accept [[M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle|Browning Automatic Rifle]] (BAR) magazines, and has [[selective fire]] capability, with semi- and fully-automatic modes.  Several Ordnance commands at various organizational levels in the Pacific also modified Garand rifles late in the war to produce both Garand 'Tanker'-type carbines and BAR-magazine-equipped Garands similar to the T20E2, though it is unknown if any of these weapons ever saw actual service.

During the 1950s, [[Beretta]] produced Garands in Italy at the behest of NATO, by having the tooling used by Winchester during WWII shipped to them by the U.S. government. These rifles were designated ''Model 1952'' in Italy, and eventually led to variants of their own, the best known of these being the [[Beretta BM-59|BM-59]] series. Beretta Garands chambered in 7.62x51mm NATO served in the Danish armed forces as the ''Gv M/50'', before being replaced with the [[Heckler & Koch G3]].

===Quick reference of variants===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
! U.S. Army designation
! U.S. Navy designation
! Description
|-
|T1
|N/A
|Prototype
|-
|T1E1
|N/A
|A single trial rifle that broke its bolt in the 1931 trial
|-
|T1E2
|N/A
|Trial designation for gas-trap Garand. Basically a T1E1 with a new bolt.
|-
|M1
|N/A
|Basic model. Identical to T1E2. Later change to gas port did not change designation
|-
|M1E1
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; modified cam angle in op-rod
|-
|M1E2
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; prismatic scope and mount
|-
|M1E3
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; roller added to bolt’s cam lug (later adapted for use in the [[M14 rifle|M14]])
|-
|M1E4
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; gas cut-off and expansion system with piston integral to op-rod
|-
|M1E5
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; 18-inch barrel and folding stock
|-
|M1E6
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; sniper variant
|-
|M1E7/M1C
|N/A
|M1E6 Garand variant; sniper variant with M81 scope (though the M82 or M84 scope could be used) on a Griffin and Howe mount
|-
|M1E8/M1D
|N/A
|M1E7 Garand variant; sniper variant with M82 scope (though the M84 scope could be used) on a Springfield Armory mount
|-
|M1E9
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; similar to M1E4, with piston separate from op-rod
|-
|M1E10
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; variant with the "Ljungman" direct gas system
|-
|M1E11
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; short-stroke Tappet gas system
|-
|M1E12
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; gas impingement system
|-
|M1E13
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; "White" gas cut-off and expansion system
|-
|M1E14
|Mk 2 Mod 0
|M1 Garand variant; rechambered in .30 T65/[[7.62x51mm NATO]] with press-in chamber insert
|-
|T20
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; select-fire conversion by John Garand, capable of using [[M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle|BAR]] magazines
|-
|T20E1
|N/A
|T20 variant; uses its own type of magazines
|-
|T20E2
|N/A
|T20 variant; E2 magazines will work in BAR, but not the reverse
|-
|T20E2HB
|N/A
|T20E2 variant; HBAR variant
|-
|T22
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; select-fire conversion by Remington, magazine-fed
|-
|T22E1
|N/A
|T22 variant; unknown differences
|-
|T22E2
|N/A
|T22 variant; unknown differences
|-
|T22E3
|N/A
|T22 variant; unknown differences; uses T27 fire control
|-
|T26
|N/A
|M1 Garand variant; 18-inch barrel and standard stock
|-
|T27
|N/A
|Remington select-fire field conversion for M1 Garand; ability to convert issue M1 Garands to select-fire rifles; fire control setup used in T22E3
|-
|T35
|Mk 2 Mod 2
|M1 Garand variant; rechambered for .30 T65/7.62x51mm NATO
|-
|T36
|N/A
|T20E2 variant; T20E2 rechambered for .30 T65/7.62x51mm NATO using T35 barrel and T25 magazine
|-
|T37
|N/A
|T36 variant; same as T36, except in gas port location
|}

==Descendants==
As stated earlier, the M1 Garand was the direct predecessor of the [[M14 rifle]] that replaced it. During the 1950s, [[Beretta]] developed the [[Beretta BM 59|BM-59]] series of rifles, which would also be produced, under license, in Indonesia as the "SP" series. [[Sturm, Ruger|Ruger]] produced the [[Mini-14]] rifle, which utilizes a reduced-size operating system and a different gas system. The [[AK-47]] was developed from an earlier Kalashnikov carbine which heavily drew from the Garand design; particularly, the locking system with its rotating bolt is based on Garand's design.  The AK-47 also uses a highly simplified form of the Garand trigger group. 

Despite similarities in naming, there is no relationship between the M1 Garand and the [[M1 carbine|M1 Carbine]], other than a similar rotating bolt design. Additional confusion may come from the adoption of several other "M1" weapons ("M" being an abbreviation for ''Model''), such as the [[Thompson submachine gun#M1|M1 Thompson]] [[submachine gun]] and M1 Abrams tank.

==Civilian use==
[[Image:M1 Garand competition.JPEG|right|thumb|A U.S. Coast Guard member competes in a marksmanship championship with the M1 Garand.]]
United States citizens meeting certain qualifications may purchase U.S. military surplus M1 Garand rifles through the [[Civilian Marksmanship Program]] (CMP).  The CMP is run by the Corporation for the Promotion of Rifle Practice and Firearms Safety (CPRPFS), a not-for-profit corporation chartered by the United States Congress in 1996 to instruct citizens in marksmanship and promote practice and safety in the use of firearms.  The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. From 1903 to 1996, the CMP was sponsored by the Office of the Director of Civilian Marksmanship (DCM), a position first within the Department of War and later in the Department of the Army.  The DCM was normally an active-duty Army colonel.  The CMP was initiated by President Theodore Roosevelt to promote civilian marksmanship after he witnessed the lack of skilled marksmen during the Spanish-American War.

Military surplus Garands and post-war copies made for the civilian market are popular among enthusiasts around the world. The Philippine government still issues M1 Garand rifles, together with M1 Carbines, M14s and M16s to their civilian defense forces known as Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and Civilian Volunteer Organization (CVO).

==Known operators==
*United States - Standard issue rifle of the US Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force from 1936 to 1963; still in use for ceremonial functions.
*Australia - Used in small numbers by specialist troops in the Pacific Theater of World War II.
*Cambodia
*Canada
*Denmark - Received large numbers of M1 rifles from the US government.
*Greece - Standard issue for the army until the late 70s, at which point it was replaced by the [[G3]].
*Haiti - Used from the 1940s until 1994 when the Haitian military was disbanded. Still in use with the Haitian National Police.
*Italy - License-built by [[Beretta]] and used by the army until the adoption of the BM-59.
*Japan - First issued weapon of the Japanese Self Defense Forces. Still used as a ceremonial arm.
*Norway
*Philippines - Still in use by the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and the Civilian Volunteer Organization.
*South Korea - Received large numbers of M1 rifles from the US government. Standard issue until the adoption of the [[M16]].
*South Vietnam - Received large numbers of M1 rifles from the US government. Standard issue until the adoption of the [[M16]].
*Thailand
*Turkey - Standard issue army rifle until the adoption of the [[G3 rifle]].
*Vietnam - Took control of South Vietnam's M1 inventory.
*West Germany - Issued to border guards, police and army until the adoption of the [[G1 rifle]].

==Resources==
The '''GOR online library''' has the following documents available for free download for this firearm:
*'''[http://www.gunownersresource.com/manuals/springfield/M1GarandManual.pdf Springfield M1 Garand User's Manual]''' (pdf)
<gallery>
image:Garand_rifle.gif|exploded view of the M1 Garand
image:m-1garand.jpg|M1 parts breakdown
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.odcmp.com Civilian Marksmanship Program (CMP)] — Major source of surplus M1 Garand rifles
*[http://www.thegca.org/ The Garand Collectors Association (GCA)] – USA Association, with members world wide, dedicated to the research and documentation of the M1 Garand.
*[http://www.snipercentral.com/m1cd.htm Sniper Central: The M1C and M1D] — Information on the sniper variants of the Garand rifles
*[http://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl05-e.htm M1 Garand at Modern Firearms] — Comprehensive source of information on the Garand rifles
*[http://144.99.215.51/Data/tmp/objYAsFmXks3WgmXh9DXXTYBjpHeRrj0TZ9O51tgbdQWIYWe9jEUktbLYmPqKicvGPcCM8GPcyP6_nJP5x8RH1eUzu5nEgBIz7mAm6Gjr6rk%3D.pdf U.S. Army Field Manual 23–5] — Official United States Army Field Manual on the M1 Garand (October 1951)
*[http://www.fulton-armory.com/tea/index.htm M1 Garand Information Place] — Website containing various articles on advanced Garand maintenance and customization
*[http://www.archive.org/details/Rifle_Marksmanship_with_M1_Rifle_Part_1 Rifle Marksmanship with the M1 Rifle (1942)] 1942 Army training film.
*[http://www.90thidpg.us/Reference/Reference.html Reference manual page including 4 M1 garand manuals]
*[http://www.90thidpg.us/Equipment/Articles/index.html Articles page including information on blank adapting the M1 Garand]
*[http://www.gunweek.com/2006/feature0901.html  M1 Garand Rifle Served During Turbulent Years - article at GunWeek.com]
*[http://www.memorableplaces.com/m1garand/  The M1 Garand Rifle An American Companion In Three Wars]

[[Category:American .30-06 semi-automatic service rifles]]
[[Category:American 7.62mm semi-automatic service rifles]]